The primary purpose of satire Essay Example for Free

Limiting Financial Executives' Compensation Term Paper

Constraining Financial Executives' Compensation - Term Paper Example While the monetary advancements helped the securities exchanges develop at an astounding pace during the 1990s and mid 2000s, they likewise realized a bogus rapture and when the air pocket burst, the present lull was impending. The 1980s proclaimed numerous adjustments in the banking and protections trade parts the world over. It was a time of deregulations and free progression of currency.Due to changes in approaches identified with the financial exchange like security exchanging, creation of securitization, loan fee trades, and credit-default trades, investors could progressively make enormous benefits in the financial exchanges in the previous two - three decades. Monetary administrations likewise profited by higher speculations made in protections by the inexorably well off populace, supported by the IRA and 401 (k) plan. With everybody bringing in cash, there appeared to be clout encompassing the money related specialists, and the development of private banks was viewed as equal with monetary development. As indicated by Simon Johnson, the incredible riches that the money related part made and thought gave brokers colossal political weight-a weight not found in the U.S. since the period of J.P. Morgan (the man). In a similar article, the graph demonstrating the level of budgetary industry's benefits as a portion of U.S business benefits shows a moderate increment fr

How to Be Newlyweds After Years of Marriage

How to Be Newlyweds After Years of Marriage Relationships Spouses & Partners Print 7 Ways to Be Newlyweds After Years of Marriage By Marni Feuerman Marni Feuerman is a psychotherapist in private practice who has been helping couples with marital issues for more than 27 years. Learn about our editorial policy Marni Feuerman Updated on June 25, 2019 PeopleImages/CreativeRF/Getty More in Relationships Spouses & Partners Marital Problems LGBTQ Violence and Abuse A healthy and invigorating  marriage is something all couples should strive to maintain, regardless of age or years married. High-spirited relationships are often envied by others, but more critically, you will prevent the mundane tasks of daily life from thwarting long-term happiness. However, both spouses have to put forth deliberate effort to prevent a marriage from going stale. During the honeymoon phase  (which, by the way, lasts less than a year), couples focus most their attention on their significant other. They never imagine a time when anything else could vie for their attention. Men and women alike abound with energy and spontaneity during this “incubation” period. Now, fast-forward a few years: spouses have a career, the family has grown by one or more children, and the laundry basket is overflowingâ€"not exactly romantic. How Do You Preserve That Surreal Newlywed Feeling? Well . . . it starts with the realization that your marriage is worthy of the commitment you made when you said, “I do.” Also, all foolish notions have to be put to rest. Only in movies and romance novels do men and women communicate without talking, or have romantic rendezvous without thought or planning. Contrary to popular belief, love takes effort.   Luckily, there are many simple ways to keep the romance alive in your marriage and demonstrate your continuing  love  for your spouse. Simple Actions That Will Light a Spark in Your Marriage 1. A Special Dinner Make reservations at their favorite restaurant for no particular occasion. You be the designated driver and let them enjoy a few drinks. Or, if money is a bit tight, plan a picnic or a special meal at home with a flavorfulâ€"but reasonably pricedâ€"bottle of wine. 2. Movie Night Take your spouse to the movie theater and let them take pleasure in a show of their choosing. You may not enjoy love stories or action movies, but marriage is about compromise. Again, if money is tight, rent a movie and make a big bowl of buttery popcorn. The point is to make your partner feel good. 3. A Weekend Alone If you have children, make plans for them to stay with relatives for the weekend. Use your imagination. Spend the weekend ordering takeout and practicing bedroom gymnastics, make reservations at an exclusive bed and breakfast in the middle of nowhere, or take a skiing trip to the mountainsâ€"even if you don’t ski. 4. Surprise Each Other One of the best aspects of a new relationship or being newly married is the constant element of surprise and novelty. At this point, you know so much about your spouse, and it takes quite a bit to surprise him or her. But why not think up a way to truly catch your spouse off guard (in a good way). For example, have the kids gone when your spouse comes home from work to have an intimate dinner and finish things off in the bedroom? When was the last time you wore lingerie, left him a love note or sent her a bouquet of flowers for no reason? It’s time to get creative. 5. Look at Old Pictures Sit together and go through old photos or albums. Reminisce about your memories. Reflect upon your history together and places you have been together. Share some laughs and maybe even cry some tears. 6. Make Out Flashback to when you were a teenager or when you first met each other. Make out just for fun.  If it leads to that then great. But the point is to do something fun and different that will get the dopamine flowing again. 7. Do Something Different Take the initiative, just like you did when you were dating, to plan a fun date or a new activity. Do not do anything that you usually do. It’s time to get creative. Perhaps a museum exhibit, an art show, an escape room, or a lecture on a fascinating topic? Approach your spouse with excitement when you say where you are taking him or her. Notice what all these ideas have in common: they take thought and planning. Nothing ?zaps the spark out of your marriage like taking each other for granted. So show your spouse you’re committed to maintaining a healthy relationship. Whether it’s a particular gift (lingerie, flowers, power tools, etc.) or a note placed in the briefcase, continually make an effort. Why not become the envy of all your friends. More importantly, demonstrate to your children how healthy, loving, and committed parents conduct themselves. In the end, everyone will benefit from your happy marriage. Why Are the First Two Years of Marriage so Important?

Could work be made more satisfying and participatory Free Essay Example, 1500 words

The management however, fails due to the inability to identify that some sort of informal organization is coming up within the organization so that they are able to deal with the problem by making employees understand and appreciate their roles more (Krahn et al. 2010, P. 223-246). The critical issue though is can both parties achieve their main desires in a mutually advantageous manner. Because of this varied ambitions both parties have different motivations behind the quest for work reform. The employer seeks to fully exploit and combine all the factors of production to make maximum profit. The worker aim is to have a favorable working environment that allows for innovation and personal growth. Employee’s skills should then be fully utilized as they get maximum reward for their efforts. A major cause of lack of job satisfaction occurs when the employer in an effort to maximize profits make the working conditions fail to meet the workers expectations. This will include emplo ying techniques like use of assembly lines where the employee does the same task time after time, this results in employee failure to make maximum contribution as talents and abilities are not fully exploited(Smith & Bullock, 2007 ). They worker is also not given the opportunity to give any valuable input to the project. We will write a custom essay sample on Could work be made more satisfying and participatory or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now This is what causes the employee to begin begrudging the work and will choose to work partially towards attainment of the organizations goal (Bellamy, 1998). Work can be made to be more satisfying and participatory. This will require that the employees work in a favorable environment. The employer on the other had obtains maximum returns from the investment. For employees to develop a feeling that their work is being fully appreciated would require a variety of measures. For assembly line and industrial workers the management can adopt employee rotation (Krahn et al. 2010, P. 317-328). A worker is posted somewhere for a particular period before, then they are moved to another section (Chmiel, 2009). This will give all employee room to determine the work location where their skills are most utilized. Once an employee indentifies this position, the employee will feel more satisfied. The worker then has a choice of whether to maintain the position or c ontinue the rotation (Krahn et al, 2010). The satisfied employee will be able to feel that his skills are properly being utilized and the money being paid is the reward of this skill. The work thus becomes more satisfying and participatory.

Effects Of Technology In The Middle Ages - 1311 Words

The Middle Ages, and all of prominently configured ancient times differ from modern social traditions, relevantly due to the broad differenced in culture, technology, religious and sciences. The Renaissance Ages were moreover considered as the years of transition, where contemporary scientific discoveries were placed into affect, and enhanced political systems were inaugurated to battle against the â€Å"sovereign† yet malignant rulers who were determined to save their thrones in their Empires, and engaged in any remote, and localized conflicts to disable their opponents victories. New technologies were indeed in the revolutionary stages, and several new devices were founded by well contemplating scientists to ease the lifestyle of the everyday†¦show more content†¦The premier telescope was founded by Galileo in just one day, and the news of new cosmological galaxies ahead of our planet, â€Å"or the heavens† as ancient biblical scriptures denoted the phenomeno n of what is ahead of our planet. The minuscule, yet readable book was immediately published after the introduction, and inveiglement of his intention, entitled, â€Å"The Starry Messenger† which can still be acquired to this day. The factual book was spread in multiple languages to read a expansive audience, to which is excelled in, and reached immediately publicity from highly educated persons, such as John Donne, a 1611 poet, who wrote the following describing the obscure documentation: â€Å"Galileo †¦ who of late hath summoned the other world, the stars to come nearer to him, and give him an account of themselves.† Though the news may be been prevailed as truthful upon publication, the text was seen as heretical, as it antagonized traditional Roman Catholic values, and contradicted beliefs of the revolution of the planets. The text was immediately banned, and all sales were terminated. For the remaining years, Galileo was tried on House Arrest, and was forced to remain in the vacancy of his home, and never depart from his residency for the remainder of his lifetime. 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Identification Of Potential Ischaemic Stroke Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

Stroke could shortly be the most common cause of decease worldwide ( Murray and Lopez, 1997 ) . Stroke is presently the 2nd prima cause of decease in the Western universe, ranking after bosom disease and before malignant neoplastic disease ( Donnan et al. , 2008 ) , and causes 10 % of deceases worldwide ( [ Anon ] , 2004 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Identification Of Potential Ischaemic Stroke Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Despite a decennary of intense public instruction and medical promotion, stroke continues to stand for a major cause of mortality accounting for around 53,000 deceases every twelvemonth ( [ ANON ] 2009 ) and this is the most common cause of terrible disablement which will necessitate long-run attention. There are more than 111,000 people who have suffered from new or perennial shot ‘s every twelvemonth, where in 2006/07 the NHS spent over ?2.8 billion in this country and the entire cost to the UK economic system was ?4.5 million ( [ ANON ] 2009 ) Stroke consequences from perturbation in the blood supply to the encephalon and leads to the decease of all cells within the affected tissue ( Sims and Muyderman, 2010 ) . There are 2 chief types of shot. They are ischaemic and haemorrhagic ( NINDS, 2009 ) . Ischemic shot is caused by the infarction of a vas providing blood and foods to the encephalon. The encephalon cells in the immediate country of hurt have died as a consequence of ischaemia ( NINDS, 2009, Deb et al. , 2010 ) . Ischemic shot can be embolic and thrombotic ; lacunar shot is besides under this class ( Wityk and Llinas, 2007 ) . Hemorrhagic shot is caused by compaction of tissue from an spread outing haematoma or haematoma. This force per unit area besides lead to a loss of blood supply to affected tissue and the blood released by encephalon bleeding appears to hold direct toxic effects on encephalon tissue and vasculature ( NINDS, 1999 ) . More than 80 % of shot are caused by ischaemia ( Flynn et al. , 2008 ) At the minute, the diagnosing of ischaemic shot is relied on an experient shot clinician ‘s scrutiny of the patient, supplemented by the consequences of encephalon imagination. However, those who all of a sudden become ailing with a suspected shot, the clinical appraisal within the first few hours is non ever straightforward. Many patients with acute shot are non assessed by a shot specializer ; the initial rating is frequently performed by a household practician, paramedic, or triage nurse ( Whiteley et al. , 2008 ) . Presently, the computed imaging ( CT ) and magnetic resonance Imaging ( MRI ) are the most common technique used to diagnosis acute shot and differentiate between ischaemic and haemorrhagic shot ( Wardlaw and Mielke, 2005 ) For most instances and at most establishments, CT remains the most practical imagination mode ( Adams, 2007 ) . For those assessed in infirmary, reading of encephalon imagination visual aspects can be hard, as CT is frequently normal after the oncoming of ischaemia and may stay normal in patients with mild ischaemic shots. MRI is more sensitive in observing ischaemia than CT, particularly in the diagnosing of mild shot ( Chalela et al. , 2007 ) , is still merely 83 % sensitive or 98 % specific ( Chalela et al. , 2007 ) . Furthermore, MRI may non be executable in acutely sick patients because they are ungratified, have a contraindication to MRI, or MRI may non be instantly available. The current diagnosing of shot remains hampered and delayed due to miss of a suited mechanism for rapid, accurate and analytically sensitive diagnostic trial ( Laskowitz et al. , 2009 ) . There is a clear demand for farther development in this country. Scientists have for a really long clip been look intoing and seeking to happen new ways to diagnosis shots. Increasing figure of articles, documents and journeys have been suggested that blood biomarker may be a possible campaigner for efficient and accurate diagnosing such as a blood trial for shots ( Hill, 2005 ) . Biomarker defined as a characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an index of normal biological procedures, pathological procedures or pharmacological response to a curative intercession ( Biomarkers Definition Working Group, 2001 ) . It can be any sort of molecules that present in the mark being. During an ischaemic shot, obstruction of arterias causes accretion of blood metabolites and release of enceph alon tissue proteins one time the cardinal nervous system gets damaged. All of these proteins are the possible biomarkers, including neuron-specific enolase ( NSE ) , astroglial protein S-100b, medulla basic protein ( MBP ) , creatin phosphokinase isoenzyme BB ( CK-BB ) , tau, thrombomodulin ( Tm ) , glial fibrillary acidic protein ( GFAP ) , adenylkinase, lactate, lactate deshydrogenase, aspartate transaminase, glutathione, vasointestinal neuropeptide, and 7B2-specific neuropetide ( Allard et al. , 2004 ) . In order to go a individual specific diagnostic biomarker that will be clinically utile, the desirable belongingss are including duplicability to obtain in a standardised manner, acceptableness to the patient, how easy is it to construe by clinicians, truth such as high sensitiveness ( sensing of disease when it is truly present, i.e. placing true positive ) and high selectivity ( acknowledgment of absence of disease when disease is genuinely absent, i.e. placing true negative ) for the result it is expected to place, besides ability to explicate a sensible proportion of the result independent of established forecasters systematically in multiple surveies and there are informations to propose that cognition of biomarker degrees alterations direction, prognostic values, big likeliness ratios, low cost, rapid sustained lift, high tissue specificity ( bespeaking myocardial beginning ) , release relative to disease extent and check characteristics conductive to indicate of attention prov ing are critical ( Fon et al. , 1994, Kelly et al. , 2003 ) However, in 2008 a systematic reappraisal was published by the American Heart Association. 38 diagnostic literatures were reviewed and proving was carried out for 58 biomarkers, but a decision was made that none of them can be recommended for usage in everyday clinical pattern ( Whiteley et al. , 2008 ) . The high sensitiveness and specificity are the largest obstructor in ischaemic shot biomarker development ( Allard et al. , 2004 ) . There are a few concerns is addressed. First of wholly, the blood-brain barrier ( BBB ) will detain the release of encephalon tissue proteins into blood watercourse ; Second, the volume of damaged tissue released does n’t correlate to the badness of the harm to within the encephalon. As Human shot is such a heterogenous disease, possibly a rapid blood trial for shot is difficult to believe. So far no blood trial can be 100 % specific and sensitive ( Hill, 2005 ) . However a blood trial can be used as a complementary clinical diagnosing bases on its statistic mark, together act as a diagnostic biomarker ( Hill, 2005 ) . If the constriction is able to interrupt, this will assist to salvage 1000s of lives and besides save an unbelievable sum of money for the NHS. Potential biomarkers identified demand to be transitioned rapidly into clinical proof proving for farther rating in an acute shot scene ; to make so would impact and better patient results and quality of life. A individual set or multiple sets of blood biomarkers that could be used in an acute scene to diagnosis shot, differentiate between shot types, or even predict an initial or reoccurring shot would be highly valuable. Label-free quantitative proteomic method will be used in this undertaking. It is a comparatively new engineering that generated by High Performance Liquid Chromatography -Tandem Mass Spectrometry ( HPLC- MS/MS ) , alternatively of utilizing exogenously labelled isotopes, it does non necessitate stable isotopic-labelled compound. This type of spectroscopy allows us to find and follow proteomic look at different provinces within the theoretical account being, therefore the proteins concentration. The combination of mass spectroscopy and bioinformatics has been proven to be an effectual technique for the find of possible biomarkers for assorted malignant neoplastic diseases and diseases from patient ‘s serum or plasma samples. With this technique, the proteins of involvements can be obtained from the samples which are convenient for sidelong quantification and designation Purposes and aims My undertaking is to look for possible biomarker ( s ) which might bale to utilize in acute ischaemic diagnosing. I will utilize Label-free quantitative proteomic method to near this purpose. The aims of this undertaking are able to utilize HPLC – MS/MS to observe and distinguish between the control and samples by comparing the peak strength differences, and to quantify the sum of differences of the protein so to place the protein of interested for farther experiment. Besides to develop a method to look for possible biomarker ( s ) with animate being theoretical accounts by HPLC – MS/MS. cardinal activities 3.1 Sampling Animal theoretical account sample of shot is traveling to be used alternatively of human sample of shot. It is because animate beings and worlds have similar nervous and vascular substrates and similar biochemical and molecular mechanisms of hurt and ( Yamori et al. , 1976 ) features of shot in worlds are similar to experimental theoretical accounts in animate beings. Largely of import animate being theoretical accounts allow research workers to analyze immediate and early ischaemic events, events that can be hard to analyze in human patients because of the variable clip holds in early acknowledgment of a shot and initial curative intercession. Among the assortment of animate beings, rats are peculiarly utile for shot research because their cerebrovascular anatomy and physiology closely resemble that of worlds. They have a little encephalon volume that is however good suited to different analytical processs and are moderately cheap in footings of purchase and care costs compared with those for larger animate beings. Furthermore, the public tends to hold fewer animate being public assistance concerns sing the usage of gnawers in shot research compared with the usage of Canis familiariss or cats and commercially available of inbred rats are comparatively homogenous genetically, leting research workers to understate confusing effects originating from a heterogenous background and to accomplish good reducibility ( little criterion divergence ) ( Wang-Fischer, 2009 ) . The stoke theoretical account I am traveling to utilize is focal hemisphere intellectual ischaemia. This theoretical account mimics the most common site of human ischaemic shot. Surgery will be performed under injectable anesthesia. Although inhalational anaesthesia is recommended for shot survey, injectable agents have some advantages in neurological surveies and have been used by many research labs, such as the disposal of injectable agents is simple and easy, no particular equipment is needed ( a simple acerate leaf and syringe can finish the anesthesia work ) and cheap equipment and drugs lower the cost of survey. Blood sample is taken Immediately before clamping of the internal carotid arteria ( ICA ) instantly anterior to unclamping ( ischemia ) the ICA and before skin closing ( reperfusion ) ( Fig. 1 ) . Cerebrospinal fluid has be to collected for analysis because it is highly utile for surveies of the cardinal nervous system, it will incorporate any unmetabolised molecules from the encephalon so it allows an research worker to straight mensurate alterations in senders, endocrines, cytokines, or any other factor that might be of import. All samples are so labelled decently. All blood samples have to be centrifuge within 30 proceedingss of aggregation. Plasma is removed and stored at a?’80A °C until usage. After the wound closing of the rats, evan blue is injected and circulated for 60-120 proceedingss. Then rats are anesthetised and perfuse with PBS through the left ventricle to rinse out the extra dye. Afterward, encephalons are removed and the hemispheres are separated, weighed, and placed in tubings. Reperfusion sample Ischmaemia sample Baseline sample Reperfusion Ischmaemia Baseline ICA unclamped ICA clamped Fig. 1 Flow diagram of sample aggregation. ICA: internal carotid arteria 3.2 Nanoflow HPLC- MS/MS sample readying and analysis Plasma samples are thawed at 4A °C and digested with trypsin at 37A °C for 16 hr before transporting out analysis. Digested plasma samples and cerebrospinal fluid samples are loaded and nanoflow High Performance Liquid Chromatography -Tandem Mass Spectrometry ( HPLC- MS/MS ) analysis is carried out. This is an machine-controlled method once the sample is loaded. 3.3 Fluorescence spectrophotometer analysis The fluorescence strength of the dye will so find by fluorescence spectrophotometer after a series of sample readying 3.4 Statistical analysis First, protein quantification is measure peak highs in chromatography. The mark proteins are the extremums strength with high duplicability ( CV lt ; 8 % ) . The chromatographic extremum alliance is used to knock in this comparative attack. Statistical analysis such as Students t-test was performed to find the significance of alterations between multiple samples. In the spectral numeration attack, comparative protein quantification is achieved by comparing the figure of identified MS/MS spectra from the same protein in each of the multiple LCMS/MS datasets. This addition protein ‘s copiousness and consequences in an addition in the figure of its proteolytic peptides. A list of the possible biomarker will so be created. The atomization from this list will so place. The undertaking program 4.1 Workflow Logic Diagram of activities Sample aggregation ( Surgrey ) White affair A ; gray affair Control from CSF Sample from CSF Sample from plasma Control from plasma Sampling Sample storage at a?’80A °C Sample storage at – 80A °C Sample readying ( Digest ) Label-free quantitative proteomics readying and analysis Control from CSF Sample from plasma Sample from CSF Control from plasma Fluorescence spectrophotometer HPLC separation MS/MS Quantification ( Peak strength, spectra count ) Candidate verification/ proof Designation by commercially statistical package Potential diagnostic biomarker ( s ) Fig. 2 Logic diagram of activities. CSF: Cerebrospinal fluid 4.2 Gantt Chart Activities Wk 1 Wk 2 Wk 3 Wk 4 Wk 5 Wk 6 Wk 7 Sample aggregation Ten aˆˆ aˆˆ aˆˆ aˆˆ aˆˆ aˆˆ Sample readying of blood sample aˆˆ Ten aˆˆ aˆˆ aˆˆ aˆˆ aˆˆ Sample readying of CSF aˆˆ Ten aˆˆ aˆˆ aˆˆ aˆˆ aˆˆ Sample readying of fluorescence spectrophotometry Ten aˆˆ aˆˆ aˆˆ aˆˆ aˆˆ aˆˆ Nanoflow HPLC- MS/MS analysis aˆˆ Ten aˆˆ aˆˆ aˆˆ aˆˆ aˆˆ Fluorescence spectrophotometer analysis Ten aˆˆ aˆˆ aˆˆ aˆˆ aˆˆ aˆˆ Statistical Quantification aˆˆ aˆˆ Ten Ten Ten aˆˆ aˆˆ Protein Identification aˆˆ aˆˆ aˆˆ aˆˆ Ten Ten Ten Table 1. Gantt chart with clip line. From Table. 1. It shows the jutting activities and hebdomad by hebdomad of what activities are expected to be carried out. In hebdomad one, surgrey takes topographic point and because the encephalon protein will get down to fall out 3 yearss after the station shot, the dye and fluorescence spectrophotometry is besides taking topographic point in hebdomad 1. In hebdomad 2, the HPLC- MS/MS analysis will be carried out. From hebdomad 3 subsequently, it is the statistical analysis. Statistical quantification the possible biomarker by comparing the peak strength and so place the atomization of interested extremum. Resources Equipment: Centrifuge Freezer – 80a„? HPLC – MS/MS Fluorescence spectrophotometer 4.3.2 Apparatus EDTA tubing Needle and syringe Skin Scissorss Vascular clinchs Microdissecting Tweezers A ; Forcepss A cold-illumination lighting system Operating Board 4.3.3 Reagent Anaesthetic drug Trypsin heparin-saline mixture Sterrad ( Low-Temperature Hydrogen Peroxide Plasma ) Buffer A ( 96 % H2O 4 % methanol 0.2 % formic acid ) Buffer B ( 10 % H2O, 90 % acetonitrile, 0.2 % formic acid ) Evans blue PBS 4.3.4 Training Training to manage research lab animate beings Expertness on nanoflow HPCL because insouciant users lack the expertness to utilize the demanding microfluidics that is involved and to observe jobs. 4.5.5 Statistical package for HPLC – MS/MS Any of these would be suited for the statistical analysis: SIEVE package The Rosetta Elucidator system Undertaking analysis 5.1 Hazard analysis Incorporation of biomarkers find has an impact on timelines of undertaking direction due to extra work on their designation and possible proof. Furthermore, there are troubles to fix the white affair hurt theoretical accounts which are used as indicant of how much harm of ischemic shot caused to the rat and the fluctuation between animate beings are normally big. Drumhead decision The primary end of a individual set or multiple sets of blood biomarkers development is to cut down the hazard of late abrasion during clinical development for grounds of safety or efficaciousness ; to make so would impact and better patient results and quality of life. Although it will be a long and difficult tract to make this finish, it is a baronial end, and the right way for the hereafter of stroke diagnosing. How to cite Identification Of Potential Ischaemic Stroke Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Shakespeare in love Analysis Essay Example

Shakespeare in love Analysis Paper In this media assignment, I will be looking at and interpreting the film Shakespeare in Love. Although at first the film looks to be fairly normal, there are subtle things, which generally make it more appealing to us. The director needed to add these subtle things to make the film look and feel realistic, so that the audience would think the film was believable. I am going to write about what these subtle things are, and what their impact is on the audience as well as giving my thoughts on each. With nearly every point I make, you have to consider the film is intending to take us back in time to the 1590s, the time Elizabeth I was the queen. A lot of my points will refer to the time period, because it will be very important to the director to make the film believable. Because Shakespeare is such a famous person, most people who see the film will know he died a long time ago (in 1616 to be precise), which would mean that the audience would expect the film to be set in a different time period to match the time he lived in (that is, unless it has been purposely modernised, which in this case it hasnt). We will write a custom essay sample on Shakespeare in love Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Shakespeare in love Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Shakespeare in love Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Tied into this, I think the opening sequence was discreetly meant to look old. Something that I noticed was that the opening credits (telling us the cast names etc.) were in black and white. I would associate black and white with the past, because in the earlier years of the 20th century, films used to be in black and white, before colour was introduced later on. This was as well as the font of the writing being in the font that we would associate with old England. Because the director did this, we get the impression that the film is set in the 16th century even before the film has begun. Its important to set the mood for a film in its first scenes, because it would be harder to persuade an audience to enjoy a film if they werent immediately drawn into it. The phrase: you dont get a second first impression suits my point because as with just about anything, most people will presume that all the film will follow the patterns of what we see in its first few minutes. There was only one thing that I thought was wrong with the opening sequence. Nothing else was happening when the opening credits were on, never mind any decent on screen action! Anything that was happening would have given us a taste of what was to come later on. Because there wasnt any action, it felt as if the director didnt care about giving us a taster and therefore didnt care that the only thing we could do during the credits was to get bored. However, I dont think that a good first impression would be good enough for an audience. I think this was why music seemed to be extremely important to the director as well. Not only was it frequently played, the instruments played suited the period Shakespeare in Love was set in. I dont recall hearing anything but string instruments which are associated with classical music. Also, the tempo, pitch, and loudness of the music are all very important. Whenever an important part of the film is on screen, we hear completely different types of music, even though the same instruments are used. For example, when Thomas Kemp was auditioning for the part of Romeo, background music gradually got louder. This was building up to the end of his audition, when the music seemed to explode so that it dominated all the films sound. The pitch also seemed to get higher. These combined create music that feels victorious and happy probably how Shakespeare felt at the time it was happening. It is hard to describe why the music felt this way, but the music seems to uplift our feelings, just as the pitch and volume got higher. I think the on screen action also reflects how we feel, because we can usually see the emotion being portrayed as the music is being played. This was also done in many other places, such as the scene where Shakespeare was running down the street with the first scene in his hand, and also when Thomas Kemp listens to Shakespeare reads a sonnet on stage realising (I think) that she wanted to be the part of Romeo in his play. This type of music was almost certainly used intentionally because of the numerous places it turned up in. Not only was there happy music, but also dramatic music. The tempo increased dramatically, and the pitch of the music was dropped slightly to get this feeling. This wasnt played in as many areas as with the happy music, but was still used quite frequently. The best example of this music was when Shakespeare was chasing Thomas Kemp through the streets, after their audition. However important this is to the director, the camera angles need to be just as good. We saw that on several occasions the level of the camera reflected the class system old England had. We could see this clearly at the very end of the film, when Romeo and Juliet was being performed because the common audience were at the bottom of the stage, whereas the royal box was overlooking the stage and directly above the 3rd class people. This showed us that the higher-class people were in the position that resembled their status higher up. We also saw something similar at the beginning of the film, when Henslowe was being tortured. We saw that the camera was looking up to Fennyman (the torturer), and down at Henslowe. I think this was because Fennyman was the person in control of his peers. This meant that Henslowe was (metaphorically speaking) looking up to Fennyman to try to gain his forgiveness as did the camera whenever Fennyman spoke. The techniques used with the camera were also fairly basic which isnt typical of a film at all! No advanced techniques were used in the film (such as zoom or fading), which I think was a fairly discreet thing to do, yet very effective for the people who notice it. I think the lack of modern techniques used represented the lack of technology that the people had in the 16th century. I really liked the techniques used, because they show us that the director seems to have really tried to make the film believable yet used a variety of different ways. These techniques may appeal to a more observant audience because they will get that little extra for the money they pay, whereas people who are less observant will probably be happy with the on-screen scenery and props; which only make the film look (and not feel) old. However, making the films set look old is still fairly important. This ties in with a previous point I made at the bottom of page one, regarding getting a first impression. If the audience were expecting a realistic film (which in this case they would be), they would not be impressed by a modern looking set in the first few minutes, as they should know that Shakespeare lived hundreds of years ago. The audience would then probably notice more of the modern things put into the film, rather than any old things (visible or otherwise). This would therefore lower peoples opinions of the film, before the main plots have even begun to unfold. Such obvious background features included the use of lighted candles to light an area, instead of electric light bulbs, particularly in pubic buildings. Also, rats were occasionally seen on screen with the most memorable time for me being when the young boy speaking to Shakespeare picked one up by its tail. These are fairly obvious examples, but are only used in the background. One physical feature that stood out were the characters clothes because they were always on screen and also because they were often unusual, making them stand out a lot of the time. However, the clothes didnt vary enough for my liking. Although they suited the time, they seemed to lack originality. The clothes of commoners were often dirty and generally looked old and worn, whereas the higher-class people wore the most bizarre outfits Ive ever seen particularly queen Elizabeth 1st with her top, which seemed to have grown wings! This wasnt enough for me because any director could have made actors in the mise-en-scene wear these types of clothes for an effect, so therefore the directors intentions for clothing lacked originality. Perhaps the director could have advised the clothing department to rip parts of the commoners clothes, and then sew them back together with a different coloured thread, that had no contrast at all, to emphasise how poor these people were. Also, the director could have distinguished Shakespeare to be in a particular class. This is because Shakespeare tended to fall in between class structures as far as his clothing was concerned as his clothes were neither old or worn, denoting a poor person, nor bizarre and extravagant, denoting a rich person. The only thing that impressed me with the clothing was that they usually made the important characters stand out. This was because Shakespeares clothes (among others) were a different colour to most other people. This was particularly effective in scenes where the mise-en-scene was similar to the main action. For example, in scenes where the mise-en-scene involved dancing, the unimportant dancers tended to wear burgundy and brownish colours, which were similar colours to the background, whereas Shakespeare wore a vibrant green shirt and hat. Although there was barely any change in the style of clothes, Shakespeare always stood out of the crowd. This was an excellent idea. This follows my earlier point in saying that the same classes wore similar clothes, which would potentially have been a big problem. This is because if it wasnt for the colour schemes, then there would have been no way Shakespeare could have stood out by wearing almost identical clothes. We can now see that colours may have had more of an effect than some people may think. This is because not only were the colours important in making important characters stand out, but they also discreetly helped the director make the film a love story The colours in the background tended to be shades of red. The colour is associated with love and passion which is probably why it seemed to me as if there was more of the colour red in passionate scenes. For example, in the close up scene of Shakespeare and Lady Viola undressing each other on the bed, the only thing we saw in the background were the closed curtains which were red. The other obvious place to me was in the dancing scenes (as Ive mentioned before). Everyone else who was dancing were mainly wearing red and burgundy colours which may have reflected the passion the people in the background had for their partners, as well as with Shakespeare and Viola. I think the colour use is very ambiguous. On one hand, we have the colour representation (red meaning love and passion, for example), whereas the on the other hand we have the use with making the main characters unique. I personally think that this is a good quality of a film, because it kills two birds with one stone. Then again, I can see why the ambiguity could be a bad thing as people may think that truly great directors could make characters unique, without making them physically different. This would mean ambiguity with the colours wouldnt be needed. On the other hand, colour would be less important to the director, compared with him showing that he could make a realistic film because I people world prefer a film that was to their taste, rather than to the tastes of a 16th century audience (after all, fashions do change with time). Because people back then would expect different things from the entertainment industry, the director would have to modernise the film to an extent, to make it more appealing for our generations, but without ruining the historical background from which it came from, to make the film believable. I have already mentioned about how the director had kept an old theme (e.g. with candles and basic camera-angles); but he had to change some things, such as the language used, so that we could understand what was being said on-screen. This is because people who find it hard to decipher text would find it difficult to translate what was being said into everyday English, never mind do it so that they could keep up with the plot at the same time! This is probably why the only character in the first few scenes that spoke old English frequently, was Shakespeare, who in the film was called Will. This was another way in which the film was modernised by making the name, William, relate to its modern equivalent. Although I say this, the director needs to keep some older English in the film, not only to make the film believable, but to also make Shakespeares sonnets feel in place when recited. We frequently saw Shakespeare recite sonnets, particularly if he and Viola were together. For example, Shakespeare recited the world-famous Oh Romeo, Oh Romeo, where for art thou, Romeo? scene with Viola (NOT Juliet) during the film. This wouldnt have looked in place if the scene were acted out in modern English, because such sonnets are renowned for having old English dialogue in them. For example, we dont recite the Oh Romeo scene in modern English, by saying something upon the lines of: Oi, Romeo, where are you? I think the modernisation was needed to suit a general audience, but I would have welcomed more old spoken English. For viewers in countries outside the UK, the lack of old spoken English makes the film a bad example of how our country used to speak. Alternatively, small details were used to make the film look realistic. Sometimes they were barely noticeable, yet they made a difference. They gave us a little extra information, which allowed the actors and scenery to look realistic. Some of these details included: Lighted candles; the use of a quill and ink instead of a pen, with ink stains surrounding the pots and paper; and the use of swords to fight, instead of guns. However, I saw even smaller details that (if noticed by the audience) would give a decent impact as well. These included: People with dirty fingernails, which shows how dirty Elizabethan England affected the population; the words Bought in Stratford-upon-Avon on Shakespeares cup; and the cock-a-doodle-doo sounds made by chickens, which woke up the town (instead of alarm clocks). These small details were good to include, but I cant help feeling that some were too hard to notice, unless you were looking specifically for them (like I was). I think the director shouldnt have included as many small details, and concentrated more on noticeable areas of the film, such as making the film believable by improving props and scenery, so they look like they were from the Elizabethan times not that they didnt look good enough in the film as we saw it. So my point is, perhaps the director should have cut out these smaller details, and concentrate harder on making more noticeable features, which would probably have made for a better film. The details of the film were accurate despite the plot being fictional. The film is allowing us to watch a possible way in which Romeo and Juliet could have been written but not what actually happened. The plot was constructed to resemble the plot in Romeo and Juliet with their feuding families, two star-crossed lovers, and the struggle they had to keep their relationship going. The plots were so similar we even saw cut scenes between the play being acted out, and the real-life plot developing together; possibly the only advanced technique used in the film. This happened mainly when Viola and Shakespeare were together and were passionate, reciting sonnets from Romeo and Juliet. The other place this happened was at the very end of the film, when Shakespeare was still very upset about Viola leaving the country with her husband-to-be. So much so, he wrote his next play, Twelfth night straight after she went. He made Viola the main character in the play, who ironically dresses up as a man, although this time it was her brother, Sebastian. The idea of having a muse for Shakespeare was a good idea, because it shows that Shakespeare also needs inspiration to write his extraordinary plays which would be uplifting for all budding writers, who hope to be able to write as well as him in the future. The ending didnt only do this, but also resembled the beginning of the play. In both, Shakespeare began to write the plays in completely different ways. At the start, Shakespeare didnt have his muse, but at the end he did and the differences between how he wrote them were huge. I remember that at the start, he was practising writing his signature, and that he also pointed to his head a lot (usually saying that he knew what he was going to write). I think that this was because he didnt know exactly who he was, and what his purpose in life was. He is trying to figure out in his head who he was, yet he wasnt definite enough to write it down and know he was right. The signatures probably show this as well; because they all seemed to be different, possibly portraying all the different people he was; trying to choose which one he wanted to live as. When he had discovered who he was, he wrote Twelfth night straight away showing us that his muse (Viola) was essential to the film. To conclude, I will give my overall opinion of the film. I think the film wasnt impeccable, yet it had all the qualities of a good film. It showed us that we dont have to look at physical details to pick every detail up, yet also gives us a variety of ways we can praise the film for its physical appearance. However, I would like to have seen a better link between the Shakespeare/Viola love story, and the Fennyman/Henslowe money problems to create more conflict. I would also liked to have seen more advanced techniques used even if it resembled the period the film was set in, the camera angles seemed to get repetitive after a while. For example, fading could have been used when flicking from a scene in the acted play, and the real-life goings on away from the theatre. This would have made the links between them more obvious, and it would also have told us when these links were intended to stop happening.

The Divorce Talk †Creative Writing Informal Essay

The Divorce Talk – Creative Writing Informal Essay Free Online Research Papers The Divorce Talk Creative Writing Informal Essay It was a Friday like any other Friday. I had just made the fifteen minute drive home from the bus stop. When I walked through the door, all I could think about was how hungry I was and all the math homework I had. Usually, when I got home from school, I had the house to myself for about three hours. My brother and parents were at work, so I could play my music as loud as I wanted and finish my homework without interruption. However, today was different. The house was not the welcoming quiet I was usually greeted with at the door. As I shut the door, I realized what was different, everyone was home, my brother, dad and mom. I decided to just shrug it off and go about my usual routine, I got a snack and started my homework. I was sitting on the floor in my room where I usually do my homework when my mom walked in. She greeted me with her usual, â€Å"How was school?† and â€Å"Do you have a lot of homework?† It was then, with a pained expression, that she told me what she really came into my room to say; that she and my dad wanted to have a talk. From that moment on, I knew there was going to be something different about this Friday. When my parents say they want to have a â€Å"talk† both my brother and I know it is never a good sign. A â€Å"talk† is usually an indication of some major catastrophe. The last family talk I can remember was about my Uncles colon cancer, and that talk had ended in tears. Immediately I had a sinking feeling that ran all the way to my feet, making them feel like bricks. As I walked toward the living room where all our family talks took place, I racked my brain to figure out what it was that my parents had to tell my brother and I. Finally, it hit me. I stole a glance in my brother’s direction, and from the look on his face we were thinking the same thing. His usual anything-goes expression was replaced by a look of uncertainty. We slumped onto the couch, not sure if we were ready for what was ahead. It was my mom who spoke first. â€Å"We want to tell you both first of all that we love you and nothing in the whole world could ever change that.† That was all she had to say to confirm that I knew what this talk was about. I had seen it coming, but I thought it I wouldnt be for a little while longer. â€Å"Your father and I aren’t getting along and we’ve tried everything,† she stated matter-of-factly, but i could see pain behind her blue eyes. Then she hesitantly continued, â€Å"We are getting a divorce†. Those words were like a slap in the face. It took a second for her words to sink in, but once they did, everything else that was said went in one ear and out the other. I was in complete shock. My whole world had been shaken, never to be the same again. My dad added, from his seat in the recliner, that he and my mom were there for us if we needed to talk, but that was the last thing I wanted to do. All I wanted to do was to go in my room and cry. I looked in my brother’s direction as we walked out of the room. We both were hurt deeply but had tried not to show it in front of our parents, so it was only when we were out of sight that the tears soaked our faces. When we reached the back of the house, he stopped and looked at me to see if I was hurting as bad as he was. It was then that he hugged me. There was a warmth that came from that hug that to this day I can’t describe. It calmed, soothed, and told me that everything was going to be all right. That hug was exactly what I needed and was the best hug that I’ve ever had. There is no doubt in my mind, on that day my life changed. I was no longer the girl with a perfect family, whose parents were still married. Even though this is the case, I can look back now and see that some good came out of the divorce. Before that day I’d never really cherished my relationship with each member of my family. I never thought about how much I enjoyed the car rides to school with my dad listening the golden oldies. I never realized how much my brother and I are alike. A simple look or a gesture can be like an entire conversation between us. I had not noticed how strong my mom is, and how hard she tried to make things work with my dad. She was doing that for my brother and I, she didnt want us to grow up with a broken family. The main thing I learned was that sometimes life is tough and unbearable, and it is in those times that you need a hug from someone who understands. Research Papers on The Divorce Talk - Creative Writing Informal EssayThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyThe Spring and AutumnTrailblazing by Eric AndersonBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This Nice19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraHip-Hop is ArtStandardized Testing

Cahokia - Prehistoric Capital City on the Mississippi

Cahokia - Prehistoric Capital City on the Mississippi Cahokia is the name of an immense  Mississippian (AD 1000-1600) agricultural settlement and mound group. It is located within the resource-rich American Bottom floodplain of the Mississippi River at the junction of several major rivers in the mid-central United States. Cahokia is the largest prehispanic site in North America north of Mexico, a proto-urban center with numerous allied sites spread across the region. During its heyday (1050-1100 AD), the urban center of Cahokia covered an area of between 10-15 square kilometers (3.8-5.8 square miles), including nearly 200 earthen mounds arranged around vast open plazas, with thousands of pole and thatch houses, temples, pyramidal mounds and public buildings laid out in three great planned residential, political and ritual precincts. For perhaps no more than 50 years, Cahokia had a population of about 10,000-15,000 people with established trade connections throughout North America. The latest scientific research indicates that Cahokias rise and fall were engineered by immigrants who together refashioned the Native American communities for the greater Mississippian culture. The people who left Cahokia after its breakup brought the Mississippian culture with them as they traversed throughout fully 1/3 of what is today the United States. Cahokias Chronology Cahokias emergence as a regional center began as a collection of rudimentary Late Woodland farming villages about 800, but by 1050 it had emerged as a hierarchically-organized cultural and political center, inhabited by tens of thousands of people supported by local plant domesticates and maize from Central America. The following is a brief chronology of the site. Late Woodland (AD 800-900) numerous small farming villages in the valleyFairmount Phase (Terminal Late Woodland AD 900-1050), the American Bottom had two many mound centers, one at Cahokia and the Lunsford-Pulcher site, 23 km (12 mi) to the south, with a total population at Cahokia of around 1,400-2,800Lohmann Phase (AD 1050-1100), Cahokias Big Bang. Around 1050, there was a sudden growth at Cahokia with a population estimated between 10,200-15,300 people within an area of 14.5 sq km (5.6 sq mi). Changes concurrent with the population explosion included community organization, architecture, technology, material culture, and rituality, all of which likely involved in-migration from elsewhere. The site was characterized by large ceremonial plazas, post-in-circle monuments (woodhenges), dense habitation zones of elites and commoners, and a central core of 60-160 ha (.25-.6 sq mi) of at least 18 mounds surrounded by defensive palisadesStirling Phase (AD 1100-1200), Cahokia still controll ed the American Bottom, the lower portions of the Missouri and Illinois river floodplains and the adjacent hilly uplands, amounting to some 9,300 sq km (~3,600 sq mi), but the population was already in decline by 1150, and its upland villages were abandoned. Population estimates are 5,300-7,200. Moorehead Phase (AD 1200-1350) Cahokia saw steep decline and final abandonmentthe latest population estimates for the period are between 3,000-4,500 Greater Cahokia There were at least three great ceremonial precincts within the region known as Greater Cahokia. The largest is Cahokia itself, located 9.8 kilometers (6 miles) from the Mississippi River and 3.8 km (2.3 mi) from the bluff. It is the largest mound group in the United States, centered on an expansive 20 ha (49 ac) plaza fronted on the north by Monks Mound and surrounded by at least 120 recorded platform and burial mounds and lesser plazas. The other two precincts have been impacted by the modern urban growth of St. Louis and its suburbs. The East St. Louis precinct had 50 mounds and a special or high-status residential district. Across the river lay the St. Louis precinct, with 26 mounds and representing a doorway to the Ozarks mountains. All of the St. Louis precinct mounds have been destroyed. Emerald Acropolis Within one days walk of Cahokia were 14 subordinate mound centers and hundreds of small rural farmsteads. The most significant of the nearby mound centers was likely the Emerald Acropolis, a special religious installation in the middle of a large prairie near a prominent spring. The complex was located 24 km (15 mi) east of Cahokia and a broad processional avenue connects the two sites. The Emerald Acropolis was a major shrine complex with at least 500 buildings and perhaps as many as 2,000 during major ceremonial events. The earliest post-wall constructed buildings date to about 1000 AD. Most of the remaining were built between the mid-1000s to the early 1100s AD, although the buildings continued in use until around 1200. About 75% of those buildings were simple rectangular structures; the others were political-religious buildings such as t-shaped medicine lodges, square temples or council houses, circular buildings (rotundas and sweat baths) and rectangular shrine houses with deep basins. Why Cahokia Blossomed Cahokias location within the American Bottom was crucial to its success. Within the limits of the floodplain are thousands of hectares of well-drained tillable land for farming, with abundant oxbow channels, marshes, and lakes that provided aquatic, terrestrial, and avian resources. Cahokia is also quite close to the rich prairie soils of the adjacent uplands where upland resources would have been available. Cahokias cosmopolitan center including people migrating in from different regions and access to a broad trading network from the gulf coast and southeast to the trans-Mississippi South. Vital trading partners included the Caddoans of the Arkansas River, people of the eastern plains, the upper Mississippi Valley, and the Great Lakes. Cahokians dabbled in long-distance trade of marine shell, shark teeth, pipestone, mica, Hixton quartzite, exotic cherts, copper, and galena. Immigration and Cahokias Rise and Fall Recent scholarly research indicates that Cahokias rise hinged on a massive wave of immigration, beginning in the decades before AD 1050. Evidence from upland villages in Greater Cahokia indicates that they were founded by immigrants from southeastern Missouri and southwestern Indiana. The influx of immigrants has been discussed in the archaeological literature since the 1950s, but it was only recently that clear evidence showing a huge increase in population numbers was discovered. That evidence is in part the sheer number of residential buildings built during the Big Bang. That increase simply cant be accounted for by birth rates alone: there must have been an influx of people. Strontium stable isotope analysis by Slater and colleagues has revealed that fully one-third of the individuals in mortuary mounds at Cahokias center were immigrants. Many of the new immigrants moved to Cahokia during their late childhood or adolescence, and they came from multiple places of origin. One potential place is the Mississippian center of Aztalan in Wisconsin since strontium isotope ratios fall within that established for Aztalan. Main Features: Monks Mound and Grand Plaza Said to have been named after the monks who were using the mound in the 17th century, Monks Mound is the largest of the mounds at Cahokia, a quadrilateral flat-topped, earthen pyramid that supported a series of buildings on its upper level. It took about 720,000 cubic meters of earth to construct this 30 m (100 ft) tall, 320 m (1050 ft) north-south and 294 m (960 ft) east-west behemoth. Monks Mound is slightly larger than Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt, and 4/5 of the size of the Pyramid of the Sun at Teotihuacan. Estimated at between 16-24 ha (40-60 ac) in area, the Grand Plaza just south of Monks Mound was marked by Round Top and Fox mounds on the south. A string of smaller mounds marks its east and west sides. Scholars believe it was first used as a source of soil for mound construction, but then it was purposefully leveled off, beginning at the end of the eleventh century. A wooden palisade enclosed the plaza during the Lohmann phase. It took an estimated labor of 10,000 person hours to build even 1/3-1/4 of the entire plaza, making it one of the largest construction projects at Cahokia. Mound 72: The Beaded Burial Mound 72 was a mortuary temple/charnel house, one of several used by the Mississippians at Cahokia. It is rather inconspicuous, measuring only 3 m (10.5 ft) high, 43 m (141 ft) long, 22 m (72 ft) wide, and it is located 860 m (.5 mi) south of Monks Mound. But it stands out because there were over 270 individuals deposited in 25 burial features (several suggesting human sacrifice), along with large votive caches of artifacts, including arrow bundles, mica deposits, discoidal chunkey stones, and masses of shell beads. Up until recently, the primary burial at Mound 72 was considered a double burial of two men lying atop a beaded cloak with a birds head, alongside several retainers. However, Emerson and colleagues (2016) recently restudied the discoveries from the mound including the skeletal materials. They found that, rather than being two men, the highest ranking individuals were a single male buried atop a single female. At least a dozen young men and women were buried as retainers. All but one of the retainer burials were either adolescents or young adults at the time of their deaths, but the central figures are both adults. Between 12,000-20,000 marine shell beads were discovered intermingled with the skeletal material, but they were not in a single cloak, but rather strings of beads and loose beads placed in and around the bodies. The researchers report that the birds head shape shown in the illustrations from the original excavations may have been an intended image or simply fortuitous. Mound 34 and Woodhenges Mound 34 at Cahokia was occupied during the Moorehead phase of the site, and while it is neither the largest or most impressive of mounds, it held evidence of a copper workshop, a nearly unique set of data on the hammered copper process used by the Mississippians. Metal smelting was not known in North America at this time, but copper working, consisting of a combination of hammering and annealing, was part of the techniques. Eight pieces of copper were retrieved from Mound 34 backfill, sheet copper covered in black and green corrosion product. All of the pieces are abandoned blanks or scraps, not the finished product. Chastain and colleagues examined the copper and ran experimental replications, and concluded that the process involved the reduction of large chunks of native copper into thin sheets by alternately hammering and annealing the metal, exposing it to an open wood fire for a few minutes. Four or perhaps five massive circles or arcs of large postholes called Wood Henges or post circle monuments were found in Tract 51; another has been found near Mound 72. These have been interpreted as solar calendars, marking the solstices and equinoxes and no doubt the focus of community rituals. Cahokias End Cahokias abandonment was rapid, and that has been attributed to a wide variety of things, including famine, disease, nutritional stress, climate change, environmental degradation, social unrest, and warfare. However, given the recent identification of such a large percentage of immigrants in the population, researchers are suggesting an entirely new reason: unrest arising from diversity. Americanist scholars argue that the city broke apart because the heterogeneous, multiethnic, likely polyglot society brought social and political competition between centralized and corporate leadership. There may have been kin-based and ethnic factionalism that may have reemerged after the Big Bang to splinter what began as ideological and political solidarity. The highest population levels only lasted about two generations at Cahokia, and researchers suggest widespread and tumultuous political disorder sent groups of immigrants back out of the city. In what is an ironic twist for those of us who have long thought of Cahokia as the engine of change, it may well have been the people who abandoned Cahokia beginning in the mid-12th century that spread the Mississippian culture far and wide. Sources Alt S. 2012. Making Mississippian at Cahokia. In: Pauketat TR, editor. Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p 497-508.Alt SM, Kruchten JD, and Pauketat TR. 2010. The Construction and Use of Cahokia’s Grand Plaza. Journal of Field Archaeology 35(2):131-146.Baires SE, Baltus MR, and Buchanan ME. 2015. Correlation does not equal causation: Questioning the Great Cahokia Flood. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112(29):E3753.Chastain ML, Deymier-Black AC, Kelly JE, Brown JA, and Dunand DC. 2011. Metallurgical analysis of copper artifacts from Cahokia. Journal of Archaeological Science 38(7):1727-1736.Emerson TE, and Hedman KM. 2015. The dangers of diversity: the consolidation and dissolution of Cahokia, Native North Americas first urban polity. In: Faulseit RK, editor. Beyond Collapse: Archaeological Perspectives on Resilience, Revitalization, and Transformation in Complex Societies. Carbondale : Southern Illinois University Press. p 147-178. Emerson TE, Hedman KM, Hargrave EA, Cobb DE, and Thompson AR. 2016. Paradigms Lost: Reconfiguring Cahokia’s Mound 72 Beaded Burial. American Antiquity 81(3):405-425.Munoz SE, Gruley KE, Massie A, Fike DA, Schroeder S, and Williams JW. 2015. Cahokias emergence and decline coincided with shifts of flood frequency on the Mississippi River. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112(20):6319-6324.Munoz SE, Schroeder S, Fike DA, and Williams JW. 2014. A record of sustained prehistoric and historic land use from the Cahokia region, Illinois, USA. Geology 42(6):499-502.Pauketat TR, Boszhardt RF, and Benden DM. 2015. Trempealeau Entanglements: An Ancient Colonys Causes and Effects. American Antiquity 80(2):260-289.Pauketat TR, Alt SM, and Kruchten JD. 2017. The Emerald Acropolis: elevating the moon and water in the rise of Cahokia. Antiquity 91(355):207-222. Redmond EM, and Spencer CS. 2012. Chiefdoms at the threshold: The competitive origins of the primary state. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 31(1):22-37. Schilling T. 2012. Building Monks Mound, Cahokia, Illinois, a.d. 800–1400. Journal of Field Archaeology 37(4):302-313.Sherwood SC, and Kidder TR. 2011. The DaVincis of dirt: Geoarchaeological perspectives on Native American mound building in the Mississippi River basin. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 30(1):69-87.Slater PA, Hedman KM, and Emerson TE. 2014. Immigrants at the Mississippian polity of Cahokia: Strontium isotope evidence for population movement. Journal of Archaeological Science 44:117-127.Thompson AR. 2013. Odontometric determination of sex at Mound 72, Cahokia. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 151(3):408-419.

Mary Rowlandson captiviity narrative vs. Douglas slave narrative Research Paper

Mary Rowlandson captiviity narrative vs. Douglas slave narrative - Research Paper Example the most famous and moving of a number of narratives written by former slaves, in factual detail describes the events of his life as a slave and thereafter. Both works are considered influential in early American literature. Analyzing the two, one sees that what at first appears to be a connection bound by the notion of captivity, that connection is well superseded by the very different personal and overall goals of the writers. .. a single individual, usually a woman, [who] stands passively under the strokes of evil, awaiting rescue by the grace of God. The sufferer represents the whole, chastened body of Puritan society; and the temporary bondage of the captive to the Indian is dual paradigm-- of the bondage of the soul to the flesh and the temptations arising from original sin, and of the self-exile of the English Israel from England. In the Indians devilish clutches, the captive had to meet and reject the temptation of Indian marriage and/or the Indians "cannibal" Eucharist. To partake of the Indians love or of his equivalent of bread and wine was to debase, to un-English the very soul. The captives ultimate redemption by the grace of Christ and the efforts of the Puritan magistrates is likened to the regeneration of the soul in conversion. The ordeal is at once threatful of pain and evil and promising of ultimate salvation. Through the captives proxy, the promise of a similar salvation could be offere d to the faithful among the reading public, while the captives torments remained to harrow the hearts of those not yet awakened to their fallen nature. (Stokes 94) Narratives of slavery, such as that written by Frederick Douglass, recounted the personal experiences of ante-bellum African Americans who had escaped from slavery and found their way to safety in the North. Employing the tradition of the captivity narrative, narratives of slavery were similarly reliant on Biblical references and imagery. Differing in context, however, they were replete with

The outline for the complete academic research paper

The outline for the complete academic - Research Paper Example For a cloud to work efficiently, one must have an internet connection. If one is looking for a particular document that is stored in the cloud, there must be an internet connection either through a mobile broad brand connection or wireless internet (Lewis et al, 2009). The advantage of cloud computing is that the same document can be accessed by any device as long as there is internet availability. These devices can be a phone, laptop.tablet or a desktop. This helps an organization to work more with ease because a cloud can access software and store data. There are several types of clouds that can be subscribed depending on ones needs. One of them is a private cloud, which is established for a specific organization or group and access is limited. A public cloud can be accessed by any user with an internet connection. On the other hand, community cloud is usually shared among two or more organizations that have similar cloud requirements. A hybrid cloud is a combination of two clouds in which the clouds in particular are a mixture of community,private and public (Jansen, 2011). Literature review Rittinghouse,J.W., & Ransome,J.F. (2010). Cloud Computing Implementation, Management, and Security. New York: Taylor and Francis Group. claim that each provider serves a role and it gives users more or less control over their cloud depending on the type. When choosing a provider, one has to compare needs to the cloud services which are available. The cloud needs usually vary depending on how one intends to use the resources and the storage space associated with the specific cloud. A cloud provider becomes more expensive depending on an individual's technological needs. There are three types of cloud providers that one can subscribe to : infrastructure as a service, platform as a service and software as a service. Software as a service gives subscribers an opportunity to access both applications and resources. It makes it unnecessary for one to have a physical copy of sof twares to install on the devices. This type of cloud provider makes it possible to have the same software to all devices at once by accessing it via the cloud. Under a platform as a service,this system goes a level above the software as a service setup. This provider gives its subscribers access to the components that they require to operate and develop over the internet. Fatih Erkoc, Serhat Bahadir Kert (2010). Cloud Computing For Distributed University Campus: A Prototype Suggestion, by Mehmet indicate that infrastructure as a service deals with computational infrastructure. In his system, a provider completely outsources storage and resources, such as software and hardware. By subscribing to this type of service cloud,one would be able to maintain his or her business with a larger computational capability. One has to spend more resources on the operation and development of applications. Most information stored on the cloud is often seen as a treasure to individuals with mean inte nt. There is a lot of confidential and private information that individuals store on their computers and this information is now being transferred to the cloud (Strowd, 2010). One has to be careful with the cloud provider he or she chooses. This is because security measures usually vary from one provider to the other. Research Question / Hypothesis One of the ways that service

Siddhartha Plot Analysis :: essays research papers

Siddhartha Plot Analysis Siddhartha decides to join the Samanas. â€Å"Tomorrow morning, my friend, Siddhartha is going to join the Samanas. He is going to become a Samana.† Govinda blanched as he heard these words and read the decision in his friends. Determined face, undeviating as the released arrow from the bow. Govinda realized from the first glance at his friends face that it was now beginning. Siddhartha was on his own way, his destiny was beginning to unfold itself, and with his destiny, his own. (Page 9) Analysis: This is Siddharthas first step towards moksha/ enlightenment. He believes that he must give everything up in order to reach is goal. This shows that he is serious about doing so. Siddhartha and Govinda leave the Samanas. â€Å"But very well, my friend, I am ready to hear that new teaching†¦Ã¢â‚¬  On the same day, Siddhartha informed the eldest Samana of his decision to leave him. (Page 22, 23) Analysis: They leave the Samanas when Siddhartha gets the notion that being an ascetic isn’t the way to achieve his goal. This is a little progression towards his goal and shows he is beginning to understand what he must do. Siddhartha and Govinda seek out the Buddha. The woman said: â€Å"You have come to the right place, O Samanas from the forest. The Illustrious One sojourns in Jetavana, in the garden of Anathadindika†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Look,† said Siddhartha softly to Govinda, â€Å"there is the Buddha.† The Buddha went quietly on his way, lost in thought. His peaceful convenience was neither happy nor sad. He seemed to be smiling gently inward. (Page 26, 27) Analysis: Siddhartha believes he may be able to learn to become enlightened by the Buddha. Again, this shows how dedicated he is to his goal. Siddhartha and Govinda hear the teachings of the Buddha. â€Å"Today we will hear the teachings from his own lips,† said Govinda. They heard his voice and this was also perfect, quiet and full of peace. Gotama talked about suffering, the origin of suffering, the way to release from suffering. Life was pain; the world was full of suffering†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Page 28, 29) Analysis: At this point Siddhartha realizes what he must do. This is a big turning point in this book and shows his true character. Siddhartha leaves the Buddha, Govinda stays. Govinda, the shy one, also stepped forward and said: â€Å"I also wish to pay my allegiance to the Illustrious One and his teachings.† He asked to be taken into the community and was accepted.

Bamya- Egyptian Food

Food and Nutrition ISP World cuisine Egypt Alex Easton The news of the Egyptian or lotus revolution has headed the media world-wide a few months ago. An uprising of the middle class Egyptians has led to overthrow the notorious Hosny Mubarak who had reigned Egypt for 30 long years. The Egyptians have overcome their fear of authority and had reached the point of no return. Unemployment, poverty, hungry and poor Egyptians now seek a better future for their country and for themselves. The Arab Republic of Egypt is a link between Africa, Europe and Asia.Egypt is located in the northeastern region of the African continent. Egypt has three major water resources, the river Nile, the longest river in the world, the Mediterranean Sea and the Red sea, however, only the river Nile provides palatable drinking water. Despite this, Egypt's climate is arid and dry and most of the country receives less than one inch of rainfall each year. The Mediterranean Sea may offer Egypt's northern coastline up to eight inches of rainfall each year, and keeps year –round temperatures cooler than the inland deserts.The widespread lack of rainfall makes it extremely difficult to grow crops. Egypt has no forests and only 2 percent of the land can be farmed. The river Nile runs from the south to the north of eastern Egypt and empties into the Mediterranean Sea at the delta, the most fertile land in Egypt. Around 95 percent of the countries population lives alongside the Nile River, including about 3 percent of Egypt's population in its capital, Cairo. This overcrowding is threatening Egypt's wildlife, recourses and water supply.The Egyptians still have a love of food inherited from their ancestors. Living on a fertile land that yields different fruits and vegetables all year round has enriched the Egyptian kitchen with a variety of food. Animals also show a variety, with different types of meat present; beef, veal, lamb, poultry and even camel meat is popular. The unique Egyptian cuisin e has been influenced by other neighbouring cuisines, Middle Eastern Turkish, Greek and Roman cuisines have influenced some of the Egyptian dishes available now. The Egyptian cuisine is also affected by the season's products.Bread and rice are present all year round as the wheat is made into flour and together with rice is a strategic grain in the kitchen. The varieties are in the selection of fruit and vegetables. Oranges, tangerines and citrus fruits are abundant in the winter starting from November, while watermelons, melons, mangoes and apples are available in the summer. The main vegetables available in summer are okra and molekheyia-a leafy green vegetable that is shredded and made as a soup. Potatoes, eggplants and other vegetables are available all year round.Despite the fertile land and the variety of crops, the Egyptians mostly are in poverty and in hunger . Food prices are at record levels partly due to population growth and increased demand from a recovering global econo my, tight supplies, high oil prices, and weak agricultural planning and production attributable to climate change-induced natural disasters and crop loss in key producing nations. The Egyptians are now trying hard to change the policies that were available in Mubarak's regime. The Egyptian revolution was ignited by a poor mans own will to burn himself in front of parliament as he could not feed his family anymore.Thirty years of government corruption, bribery and suspicious alliance with outside nations caused the Egyptians to rebel as they repeated â€Å"enough, enough†. The previous policies of Mubarak's government had impovered the Egyptian farmer and peasant, abolishing wheat farming, and accepting wheat from the USA, caused this uprising as bread prices had raised. In 1999, agriculture made up approximately 16 percent of Egypt's economy, employing about one-third of all Egyptians. However, Egypt's agriculture is also contributing to the slowing of economic growth. A shor tage of arable land (land that can be farmed) has become a serious problem.The lack of farmable land has caused Egyptian farmers to move to other countries. Egypt, struggling to consolidate a revolution that deposed President  Hosni Mubarak  in February, now faces what could be even worse turmoil because the country is running out of food as well as the money to buy it. Food prices went up 10. 7 percent in April compared to the same month in 2010, government statistics indicate. According to Al-Ahram, Egypt's leading daily, hoarding of rice by wholesalers has pushed prices up by 35 percent this year. Egypt is reported to have only four months' supply of wheat on hand and only one month's supply of rice.Egypt faces daunting challenges as it prepares for broad presidential and parliamentary elections within a year. Ongoing volatility in global food prices will strain resources during this critical transitional period. Still quite vague what the new government will do, the present change to democracy and the upcoming parlimental and presidential election is giving the Egyptians hope to a better future. Egypt is entering a new era, an era of real democracy and the will of its people, especially the youth to transform their country and create a new environment for prosperity.

Assessing The Sat s Aptitude Test - 2003 Words

Assessing the SAT’s Aptitude in Predicting College Success The Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) is a widely popular method of college admission test. Like many other admissions test it is used to help colleges select students who will be successful in college. Upon reading the source material, however, I began to question the legitimacy of this academic test. In the first article of the source material, titled â€Å"Can you Make Yourself Smarter†, the topic of intelligence testing was addressed. The article also mentioned more accurate and effective forms of intelligence testing and the use of intelligence improving games in schools. Upon mentioning schools and effective ways of measuring intelligence I began to wonder whether tests administered in school, like the SAT, were effective in what they are designed to do. These tests hold such great bearings on the academic careers of students I wondered whether the test should be used at all. This lead to the question; should SAT be used to predict college success? In this paper success wil l be defined mainly though grade point average (GPA). While this is not the only way to define success it is one of the most measurable indicators of success. The first of the two perspectives addressed within this question will be no, the SAT should not be used. Due to the underwhelming amount of support for the opposing yes argument, the other perspective will investigate if the SAT will work if changes were made to it. The SAT should not beShow MoreRelated The Fairness Of Academic Evaluation Essay1218 Words   |  5 PagesAmericans realized how inferior their education systems really were. Due to the decline in test scores in American schools, education standards became much stricter and new intelligence exams were introduced. 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